Zikhula Kanjani Izitshalo Ze-Tissue Culture?

2024/05/13

Isingeniso


I-tissue culture, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-micropropagation, iyindlela enamandla esetshenziselwa ukutshala izitshalo ezingxenyeni ezincane zezitshalo, njengeziqu, amaqabunga, noma imibungu, ngaphansi kwezimo ezingenalutho. Le ndlela inikeza izinzuzo eziningi kunezindlela zendabuko zokusabalalisa izitshalo, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ezingenazifo nezifanayo ngezinga elikhulu. Uma unentshisekelo yokufunda ukuthi ungatshala kanjani izitshalo zesiko lezicubu, lesi sihloko sizokunikeza umhlahlandlela ophelele ukuze uqalise kulo mkhakha othakazelisayo.


Iyini i-Tissue Culture?


I-tissue culture inqubo yokutshala izitshalo endaweni elawulwayo, njengelabhorethri, kusetshenziswa ucezu oluncane lwezicubu zesitshalo. Le nqubo ihilela ukuphindaphindeka kwamaseli ezitshalo endaweni enomsoco ehlanganiswe namahomoni nezinye izinto ezikhuthaza ukukhula. Izicubu zesitshalo, okubizwa ngokuthi i-explant, zingatholakala emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ihlumela le-apical meristem, iqabunga, isiqu, noma impande.


Isiko lezicubu linikeza izinzuzo ezimbalwa kunezindlela zendabuko zokusabalalisa izitshalo. Okokuqala, ivumela ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo eziningi ezivela esitshalweni esisodwa ngesikhathi esifushane. Lokhu kungaba usizo ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni zezitshalo ezingavamile noma ezisengozini. Okwesibili, isiko lamathishu livumela ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ezingenazo izifo, njengoba isitshalo singafakwa inzalo ukuze kuqedwe noma yimaphi amagciwane. Okokugcina, isiko lezicubu livumela ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ezifanayo ngokofuzo, ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-clones, ezingaba wusizo ezinhlelweni zokuzalanisa noma ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kwezinhlobo zezitshalo eziphakeme.


Manje njengoba sesiqonda izinto eziyisisekelo zesiko lamathishu, ake sihlole inqubo yesinyathelo nesinyathelo yokukhula kwezitshalo zamasiko ezicubu.


Inqubo Ye-Tissue Culture


1.Ukukhethwa kanye Nokulungiswa Kwesimila


Isinyathelo sokuqala kusiko lwezicubu ukukhethwa ngokucophelela kanye nokulungiswa kwe-explant. Ukufakelwa kufanele kutholwe esitshalweni esinempilo, esingenazifo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusabalala ngempumelelo kwezici ezifunwayo. Ngokuya ngezinhlobo zezitshalo, isimila singaba ingxenye encane yesiqu, iqabunga, ithiphu lehlumela, noma iseli elilodwa.


Ngemuva kokukhetha isimila esifanele, sidinga ukuvalwa inzalo ukuze kuqedwe noma yimaphi amagciwane, isikhunta, noma okunye ukungcola. Lokhu ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngokucwilisa isitshalo esixazululweni sokuvala inzalo, njenge-bleach noma i-ethanol, isikhathi esithile. Kubalulekile ukugcina izimo ze-aseptic kuyo yonke inqubo yokuvala inzalo ukuvimbela ukwethulwa kwanoma yikuphi ukungcola.


2.Ukusungulwa kweCallus


Uma ukufakelwa sekukhishwe inzalo, kufakwa endaweni enomsoco ukuze kukhuthazwe ukwakheka kwe-callus. I-callus iyinqwaba engahlelekile yamangqamuzana avela ku-explant. I-medium iqukethe izakhi ezibalulekile, amavithamini, ushukela, nezilawuli zokukhula ezikhuthaza ukuhlukana kwamangqamuzana nokukhula.


I-explant ngokuvamile ibekwe endaweni emaphakathi futhi uhlangothi olusikiwe lubheke phansi ukuze kusize ukukhula kwezimpande ezizayo. Isiko libe selibekwa endaweni elawulwayo, njengendawo yokukhula, lapho izinga lokushisa, ukukhanya nomswakama kungalawulwa khona.


3.Shoot Ukuphindaphinda


Ngemva kokuba i-callus seyakhekile, ingafakwa endaweni entsha ukuze ikhuthaze ukuphindaphindeka kwehlumela. Lokhu kufezwa ngokudlulisela izingxenye ezincane ze-callus endaweni equkethe amazinga aphezulu okulawula ukukhula, njengama-cytokinins. Lawa mahomoni akhuthaza ukukhula kwamahlumela amaningi avela esitsheni esisodwa.


Amahlumela avela ku-callus angaphinde afakwe endaweni entsha ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhula nokuphindaphinda kwawo. Le nqubo ingaphindaphindwa izikhathi eziningana ukuze kutholwe inani elikhulu lama-plantlets kusuka ku-explant eyodwa.


4.Isiteji sezimpande


Uma isibalo esanele samahlumela sesitholakele, singadluliselwa endaweni yokufaka izimpande ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukukhula kwezimpande. Indawo yokufaka izimpande ngokuvamile iqukethe inhlanganisela yezilawuli zokukhula, njenge-auxins, ezikhuthaza ukwakheka kwezimpande.


Amahlumela akhishwa ngokucophelela endaweni yokuphindaphinda futhi abekwe endaweni yokufaka izimpande. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, amahlumela azokwakha inethiwekhi yezimpande. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi ama-plantlets asekulungele ukujwayela futhi adluliselwe emhlabathini.


5.Ukujwayela kanye Nokudluliselwa Emhlabathini


Isinyathelo sokugcina senkambiso yezicubu ukujwayelana kwezitshalo endaweni yemvelo. Lokhu kwenziwa kancane kancane ngokuwachaya ezimeni ze-ambient, njengomswakama ophansi namandla okukhanya, ukuze azisize zijwayelane nendawo yangaphandle.


Ngesikhathi senqubo yokujwayela, ama-plantlets adluliselwa ngokucophelela emabhodweni amancane agcwele ingxube efanelekile yokupheka. Izimbiza zibe sezimbozwa ngezikhwama zepulasitiki noma zibekwe endaweni ebamba ukushisa elawulwayo ukuze kuhlinzeke indawo elawulwayo ukuze izitshalo zikhule kahle.


Uma izitshalo sezijwayele ukujwayelana ngempumelelo, zingadluliselwa ezimbizeni ezinkulu noma zitshalwe ngqo emhlabathini. Kubalulekile ukuqapha ukukhula kwazo futhi unikeze ukunakekelwa okufanele, njengokunisela njalo nokukhulelwa, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusungulwa kwazo ngempumelelo.


Isifinyezo


Sengiphetha, isiko lezicubu kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokusabalalisa izitshalo ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo. Ngokulandela inqubo yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo echazwe kulesi sihloko, ungakwazi ukukhulisa izitshalo zesiko lezicubu ngempumelelo. Kusukela ekukhethweni nasekulungiseni ukutshala kuya ekujwayeleni nasekudluliseleni emhlabathini, isigaba ngasinye sidinga ukunakwa ngokucophelela kwemininingwane kanye nezinqubo ze-aseptic.


Isiko lezicubu linikeza izinzuzo eziningi, okuhlanganisa ikhono lokukhiqiza inani elikhulu lezitshalo ezingenazifo kanye nezakhi zofuzo ezifanayo. Le nqubo ibaluleke kakhulu emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, njengezolimo, ukulima, nokongiwa kwemvelo, lapho ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ezinempilo nezifanayo kubaluleke kakhulu.


Ngakho-ke, noma ngabe ufuna ukukhiqiza ama-clones ezitshalo zakho zokuhlobisa ozithandayo noma ukufaka isandla ekongiweni kwezinhlobo ezingavamile, isiko lezicubu lihlinzeka ngendlela ejabulisayo yokuhlola. Kuzame, futhi ungase uthole uthando olusha lokutshala izitshalo ngale ndlela eyisimangaliso.

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