I-Philodendron: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Womlimi Wezindawo Zokukhulisa Izitshalo Zezentengiselwano

Isitshalo sePhilodendron sihlale singesinye sezitshalo zamaqabunga ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho ebhizinisini lezitshalo zokuhlobisa zezentengiselwano. Izitshalo zamaqabunga asezindaweni ezishisayo ziyingxenye ebalulekile yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezihlobiso ngenani elikhulu elengeziwe ezinhlanganweni zokuhlinzeka ngezolimo zomhlaba wonke. Ukuhlaziywa kokuhweba komhlaba wonke kukhombisa nokuthi izitshalo zamaqabunga ezihlobisa, eziwela ngaphansi kwesigaba se-HS code 0604, zingesinye sezitshalo eziphilayo ezibaluleke kakhulu ngokwezimali ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe emhlabeni jikelele.

Ukuze kwaneliswe izidingo zezindawo zokuthengisa kanye nezendawo zangaphakathi, izindawo zokukhulisa izitshalo zezentengiselwano zikhiqiza amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezithombo zePhilodendron kanye nama-liners minyaka yonke. Izizathu eziyinhloko ezifake isandla kulesi sidingo ukuthi isitshalo siyakwazi ukukhiqiza izitsha futhi sinokuhlukahluka kobuhle kanye nokuhambisana nezinhlelo zokushisa ezizenzakalelayo.

Abalimi abakhulu bagxila ezinhlotsheni ezikhula ngendlela ethembekile, isimo esifanayo, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuthengisa. Izinhlobo ezidumile ezifana nePhilodendron 'Brasil', iPhilodendron 'Pink Princess', kanye nezinhlobo ezizikhulisa ngokwazo zithandwa kakhulu ngenxa yokusabalala kwazo okuqinile kwezimpande, amazinga okukhula angabikezelwa, kanye nokuheha okukhulu emakethe.

Nasi umhlahlandlela wephrothokholi ohlelekile ohlanganisa ukunakekelwa kwe-Philodendron, amazinga okugcina ukushisa, izinhlelo zokusabalala, kanye nokulungiselela imakethe.

Izinhlobo Zesingeniso: Izinhlobo ze-Philodendron Ezifanele Ukuhweba

Izitshalo ze-Vining Philodendron Cultivars Zokukhiqiza Okuphezulu

Phakathi kwezinhlobo ze-vine, i-Philodendron hedera ceum 'Brasil' kanye ne-'Lemon Lime' ziyizinhlobo ze-cor nerstone zokukhiqiza ngobuningi ngenxa yokukhula kwazo okunamandla kanye nokukhanga emakethe ebanzi. Lezi zinhlobo zivame ukumila ezinsukwini eziyi-14-21 ku-24-26°C uma zisakazeka ngaphansi kwezinhlelo ze-mist. Abakhiqizi abaningi babika amazinga empumelelo yezimpande adlula amaphesenti angama-95 ngokugcinwa komswakama okuqhubekayo kanye nokulungiswa kwama-node.

Ukukhanya okunamandla kudlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ukuhlukahluka okufiselekayo kanye nekhwalithi yamaqabunga. Ukuqina okumaphakathi okuphakathi kuka-120–180 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ kusekela umbala ozinzile futhi kuvimbele ukubuyela emuva kokuhlukahluka, okunganciphisa inani lemakethe.

I-Philodendron Eqondile Neziqondisayo Yokuqedela Okufanayo

Izinhlobo ezizihlobisayo njengePhilodendron ' Imperial Green ', ' Imperial Red ', ' Congo Rojo ', kanye nezinye izinhlobo ezifanayo zifanelana namasu okusebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo kanye namasu okuhlukanisa ngomshini. Lezi zinhlobo zakha ama-rosette amancane uma zikhuliswe ezindaweni ezilawulwayo, ezinobude obungaphansi kwama-1.5 cm ngaphansi kwezinhlelo zokudla okunempilo okulinganiselayo.

Izitshalo ezizikhanda ngokwazo zifinyelela ukuqeda kwesitsha emavikini ayi-14-18 kusukela kuma-liners anezinga lokususwa elingaphansi kwamaphesenti ama-3 emisebenzini ephethwe kahle. Ukufana kwesakhiwo sekhava kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamashelufu ezindaweni zokuthengisa futhi kuthuthukisa ubuqotho bokuthunyelwa kwempahla.

Izilimo Eziphezulu Zezimakethe Eziqondiwe

Izinhlobo eziqoqwayo zekhwalithi ephezulu njengePhilodendron erubescens ' Pink Princess ' kanye nePhilodendron gloriosum zinenani eliphakeme futhi zincike ekusakazeni okulawulwayo ukuze kugcinwe ukwethembeka kwezakhi zofuzo. Lezi zinhlobo zivame ukungeniswa ekukhiqizweni ngokusebenzisa isiko lezicubu, okuqinisekisa ukuthi azinazo izifo, ziyafana. Ezindaweni ezilawulwayo ku-22-24°C kanye nomswakama ohlobene ongu-65-75%, izinhlobo zekhwalithi ephezulu zithuthukisa umbala wamaqabunga oqinile kanye nesimo esizinzile.

Izinqubo Zokusebenza Ezijwayelekile Zokugcina Izitshalo Ezingenisiwe Zokunakekelwa Kwe-Philodendron Ephakeme

Amapharamitha Okushisa Alawulwayo Okuqina Konyaka Wonke

Kuyadingeka ukugcina amazinga okushisa engaguquki. Izinga lokushisa elikhethwayo le-Philodendron elinakekelwa ngokwezentengiselwano lingu-22 no-28°C. Ebusuku, amazinga okushisa akufanele abe ngaphansi kuka-18°C ukuvimbela ukuncipha kokumuncwa kwezakhamzimba nokukhula kancane. Amazinga okushisa ezimpande agcinwe ngaphezu kuka-20°C athuthukisa ukukhula kwezimpande kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-metabolic.

Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi amazinga okukhula ehla kakhulu lapho amazinga okushisa aphakathi ehla ngaphansi kwezinga elifanele futhi lokhu kugqamisa inzuzo yezomnotho yokuba nokuphathwa kwesimo sezulu okunembile.

Ukuphathwa Kokuntuleka Komfutho Womswakama Nomusi

Ububanzi bomswakama obuphakathi kwamaphesenti angama-60-80 bukhuthaza ukugeleza kwamanzi kanye nokukhula kwamaqabunga ngaphandle kokukhuthaza izifo zamaqabunga. Abalimi bezentengiselwano basebenzisa amafeni okujikeleza komoya avundlile abekwe ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo okungu-0.2-0.3 ms⁻¹ ukuze kuqedwe ama-microclimate angami futhi kuncishiswe ingcindezi ye-pathogen.

Ukugcina ukuntuleka komfutho womoya (VPD) ngaphakathi kuka-0.6–1.2 kPa kusekela umsebenzi womzimba ngenkathi kunciphisa ingozi yesifo. Izikhathi ezinde ezingaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-85 omswakama ohlobene zandisa ukuvela kwezinkinga zamagciwane kanye nesikhunta, okugcizelela ukubaluleka kokushintshana komoya okusebenzayo.

Amandla Okukhanya Afanele Okuthuthukiswa Kwamahlamvu

Izithako zokukhanya zansuku zonke eziqondiwe kusukela ku-6 kuya ku-10 mol m⁻² ngosuku⁻¹ ngaphansi kwesikhathi sesithombe samahora ayi-14 zikhiqiza ukukhula okulinganayo kwezitshalo eziningi zezitshalo zezentengiselwano. Lolu hlu luhambisana no-100–200 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ wokukhanyisa i-greenhouse.

Ukukhanya okungaphezu kuka-300 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ kuvame ukuholela ekukhanyeni kwe-chlorophyll ezinhlotsheni zamaqabunga amancane futhi kufanele kuncishiswe ngendwangu yomthunzi elinganiswe kumaphesenti angu-40-50.

Ukucushwa Kwebhentshi Lendlu Yokushisa Kokukhiqiza Okukhulu

Ukukhiqizwa kwamapulaki anamandla kakhulu kusebenzisa amathreyi angamaseli angu-102 noma angu-128 kumabhentshi aguqayo anobukhulu obungaba amamitha angu-1.8 × 9. Ibhentshi ngalinye lingamukela amapulaki angaba ngu-1,100. Ukucushwa komthamo wamapulaki angaphezu kuka-10,000 ngokuvamile kuhilela amabhentshi ayisishiyagalolunye ngebheyi ngalinye, okunikeza indawo yokubeka ebanzi yemijikelezo emikhulu.

Izinhlelo zokunisela ngokuhweba zigcina ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngamaphesenti angaba ngu-35 ngaphezu kokufuthwa ngaphezulu, futhi zisaqinisekisa umswakama olinganayo we-substrate futhi zinciphise ukukhula kwe-pathogen.

Amasu Okusabalala Kwezindawo Zokukhulisa Amaqabunga Ezentengiselwano

Izinqubo Zokuzivumelanisa Nezimo Zezicubu zePhilodendron

Izitshalo ze-Philodendron kufanele zijwayelane kancane kancane nezimo ze-greenhouse ezizungezile. Okokuqala, gcina umswakama ojwayelekile ku-24°C ku-90-95% ezinsukwini ezingu-5-7. Bese wehlisa umswakama ngo-5% ngesikhathi ngemva kwezinsuku ezintathu uze ufinyelele ku-70% ngosuku lwama-21. Qala ngokukhanya (50 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) bese ukhula kancane kancane ufike ku-120 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ ngesikhathi sokujwayela.

Ukusebenza nabahlinzeki bezitshalo zezicubu abaqinisekisiwe njenge-youngplant.cn kuqinisekisa izitshalo ezincane ezihlanzekile nezinamandla ezihlanganiswa kalula emipayipini yokukhiqiza.

Ukusabalala Kwezinsika Zokusika Isiqu Kwezentengiselwano

Ngezinhlobo zokutshala, ukusika isiqu esine-node eyodwa kanye neqabunga elilodwa elivuthiwe kuyinto ejwayelekile. Ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi nge-1,000 ppm indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) kuveza ukuqala kwezimpande okuqinile. Ngaphansi kwenkungu engapheli kanye nokushisa okuphansi ku-26°C, izimpande ze-primordia ziyakhula zingakapheli izinsuku eziyi-10-14, kanti ama-liners angatshalwa kabusha aphuma ngosuku lwama-21 anezimpande eziqinile.

Ukusabalala ngempumelelo kwezithombo zePhilodendron ngobuningi kuncike ekuhlanzeni, isikhathi sokukhunta, kanye nokulawulwa kwezakhamzimba.

Izindlela Zokupheka Ezijwayelekile Zokusabalalisa I-Substrate

Isisekelo esingaphindaphindwa sisekela impumelelo enkulu yokusabalala. Izindawo zokukhulisa izitshalo zezentengiselwano zithembele ezingxubeni ezifana nalezi:

• I-coco coir engu-60%
• Amaphesenti angama-20 e-perlite
• I-10% yegxolo likaphayini elihle
• I-peat moss engu-10%

Le nhlanganisela igcina umoya omuhle kakhulu kanye nokugcinwa komswakama. I-pH ye-substrate eqondiwe isukela ku-5.8 kuya ku-6.5 kanye nokuqhuba kukagesi kokuqala okungu-0.8–1.2 mS cm⁻¹ ezigabeni zokukhula kokuqala.

Izinqubo Zokufaka Umanyolo Nokudla Okunomsoco Zokukhula Okuhle Kakhulu

Ukudla Okunomsoco Okulinganiselayo Kwezitshalo Ezincane

Ama-philodendrons atshalwa ngokudla okunempilo. Ukuvumelana kokukhula kwezitshalo kutholakala ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lokudla oluketshezi olusetshenziselwa ukuhlinzeka nge-nitrogen engu-150 kuya ku-180 ppm engaholeli ekunwetshweni okukhulu kwama-internode. Ama-micronutrients anesilinganiso esingu-3-1-2 NPK azogcina ubuningi bezicubu buqinile futhi buphilile. Inani le-calcium kufanele ligcinwe ngaphakathi kuka-80-120 ppm, kanye ne-magnesium ku-30 ​​ppm ukukhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-chlorophyll.

Ukulungiswa Kwesigaba Sokukhula

Izitshalo ezincane zithandwa yi-EC encishisiwe (1.0–1.5 mS cm⁻¹). Njengoba izitshalo ziseduze nokuphela kokuthengisa, i-EC ingakhuphuka ifike ku-2.5 mS cm⁻¹ ngisho nangaphandle kokucindezeleka, uma nje imikhuba yokunisela inezingxenyana ezanele zokukhipha amanzi.

Izinhlobo zezitshalo ezihlukanisiwe ngokuvamile zidinga amazinga aphansi e-nitrogen angaba ngu-130 ppm ukuze kugcinwe umehluko wamaqabunga kanye nokuthengiseka kwawo.

Ukuphathwa Kwezinambuzane Nezifo Okuhlanganisiwe Kwezindawo Ezinkulu

Izinambuzane Ezivamile Nezinhlelo Zokuqapha

Izinambuzane ezivame ukutholakala ezindlini zokugcina izitshalo abalimi bezentengiselwano bahlangana nazo zifaka phakathi ama-thrips, ama-mealybug, izimbuzane zesicabucabu, kanye nezimbuzane zesikhunta. Ngokwezinhlelo ze-IPM eziqinisekisiwe, izinhlelo zokuhlola ezihleliwe masonto onke ziyakwazi ukunciphisa ubukhali bokutheleleka ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-60.

Ukutholwa kungathuthukiswa kakhulu ngokubeka amakhadi aphuzi anamathelayo ngesilinganiso selinye ku-100 m². Ukulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo njengezibungu ezidla ezinye kanye nama-nematode awusizo sekuyingxenye yesheduli yokuphathwa kwezinambuzane.

Izinqubo Zokuvimbela Izifo kanye Nokuhlanzeka

Izinhlobo ze-Xanthomonas ziwusongo olukhulu endaweni enomswakama okubangela amabala amaqabunga anamagciwane. Ukunciphisa isikhathi sokumanzi kwamaqabunga sibe ngaphansi kwamahora amane kuzokwehlisa kakhulu izinga lokutheleleka. Izinyathelo zokuvimbela izifo ezifana nokubulala amagciwane njalo ebhentshini kanye nokubulala amagciwane amathuluzi nazo ziyizinyathelo eziqinile zokuhlanza. Ukuthuthukiswa kokumelana kuvinjelwa ngokushintshaniswa kwe-fungicide kanye ne-bactericide ngezindlela ezahlukene zokusebenza.

Ukukhuliswa Kwezitshalo zePhilodendron Ezilungele Imakethe

Ukukhiqizwa Kwezitsha Nokuqedwa Kokuthengisa

Ngemva kokusabalala, ama-liners atshalwa ezitsheni zokuthengisa ezingama-12 kuya ku-15 cm ezinesikhala esanele (isikhala esincane somphetho esingama-20 cm) ukuvumela ukukhula komphetho okulinganayo nokunciphisa ukucindezeleka. Izitshalo zikhula zize zivuthwe ezitolo emavikini ayi-10 kuya kwangu-14 ezimweni ezijwayelekile zokushisa. Ukuhlela okungcono kanye nokuhlela isivuno kunikeza abathengisi kanye nabathengi abathengisa ngobuningi ukutholakala kwesitoko ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Ukuthunyelwa Kwempahla Kwamanye Amazwe kanye Nokuqinisekiswa Kwekhwalithi

Emisebenzini yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe, isimo esifanayo, ubuqotho bezimpande, kanye nomlando wokuphathwa kwezinambuzane obhaliwe kuyizinto ezibalulekile ukuze kulandelwe imithetho yezempilo. Izindawo zokugcina izithombo zenkontileka zivame ukudinga izinhlelo zokulandelela ezibhala phansi amaqoqo okusabalala, izinhlelo zokudla okunempilo, kanye namarekhodi okuphathwa kwezinambuzane. Ukubambisana nabahlinzeki be-liner abadumile njenge-youngplant.cn kuthuthukisa ukubikezela komkhiqizo futhi kusekela ama-oda amakhulu enkontileka.

Isiphetho

Isitshalo sePhilodendron sisalokhu siyisisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwamaqabunga okuhweba ngenxa yokuzivumelanisa nezimo kwaso, ukuhlukahluka kobuhle, kanye nokuhambisana nezinhlelo zokusabalala ezisebenzisa amandla aphezulu. Izindawo zokukhulisa izitshalo ezisebenzisa ukulawulwa kwemvelo okuthuthukisiwe, izinqubo zokusabalala eziphindaphindwayo, kanye nokuphathwa kwekhwalithi okuqinile kuzofeza isivuno esiqhubekayo kanye nokubekwa emakethe okuqinile kuzo zonke iziteshi zamaqabunga omhlaba.

FAQ

Yiziphi izimo zokugcina ukushisa ezifanele kakhulu zokusabalala kwe-philodendron enkulu?

Izinga lokushisa elimboziwe (70-90°F), umswakama (60-100%), kanye namazinga okukhanya (2000-4000 foot-candles) ukuze kukhule ngokulinganayo ezindlini zomthunzi zezentengiselwano, kanye namathiphu okuhlukanisa izinhlobo zokutshala izivini uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlobo ezizikhulisayo.

Ujwayela kanjani ukukhuliswa kwezicubu Ama-Philodendron plugs kumathreyi okukhiqiza?

Chaza inqubo yokuqinisa amasonto ama-2-4: qala ngomthunzi ongu-80%, ukunciphisa kancane kancane ukufiphala, kanye nokwehla kwama-hormone ezimpande ukuze usinde ngo-95% kuma-plugs angamaseli angu-72.

Yimuphi umxube we-substrate oletha imiphumela emihle kakhulu kuma-Philodendron liners angaphezu kuka-10,000?

Ncoma u-50% we-peat/coir, u-30% we-perlite, u-20% we-bark blends wokukhipha amanzi kanye nokufaka umoya, kanye nokulungiswa kwe-pH 5.8-6.2 ukuvimbela ukubola kwezimpande emabhentshini anobuningi obukhulu.

Ungazivimbela kanjani izinambuzane ezivamile ezitshalweni ze-Philodendron zezentengiselwano?

Chaza ama-IPM SOP: hlola ama-thrips/ama-mealybug masonto onke, shintsha uwoyela we-neem ngamanzi ahlanzekile, kanye nezinqubo zokuvalelana ukuze uthole ama-TC angenisiwe.

Yisiphi isimiso sokufaka umanyolo esikhulisa usayizi wamaqabunga ekukhiqizweni kweqoqo?

Phakamisa i-150-200 ppm N masonto onke ngokunisela nge-drip ngesikhathi sesigaba semifino, wehlise i-100 ppm ngemuva kokumila, kanye nokukhulisa izakhamzimba ezincane zezinhlobo ezihlukene.

Ingabe ama-Philodendrons angasakazeka ngeziqu ezisikiwe ngezinga, futhi izinga lempumelelo lingakanani?

Yebo, 90-95% enezicucu ezingama-node angu-4-6 ngaphansi kwenkungu; faka phakathi ukucwiliswa kwe-IBA 1000 ppm kanye nokuhlelwa kwendlu yenkungu yamapulazi angenazo i-TC labs.

Isikhathi esingakanani kusukela ku-TC plug kuya ku-Philodendron pot ethengiswayo engamasentimitha angu-4?

Ngokuvamile amasonto angu-8-12 ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele; cabanga ngokuhlukahluka (isb., okusheshayo kwe-'Brasil' vs. okuhamba kancane kwe-'Pink Princess') kanye nokulungiswa kokukhanya kwesizini.

Izinkomba

1. Amapharamitha Okukhiqiza Kwezentengiselwano kanye Nezemvelo

Isandiso se-IFAS saseNyuvesi yaseFlorida
Iziqondiso Zamasiko Zokukhiqiza I-Philodendron Kwezentengiselwano
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/EP150

2. Ukulawulwa Kwesimo Sezulu Esishisayo kanye Nedatha Yempendulo Yokukhula

I-Wageningen University kanye nocwaningo
Ukulawulwa Kwesimo Sezulu Esigcina Izitshalo Ezingamaqabunga Ezishisayo (i-Acta Horticulturae)
https://www.actahort.org/books/1134/1134_2.htm

3. Ukuphathwa Kwezinambuzane Okuhlanganisiwe Kwemihlobiso Yendlu Eluhlaza

Isandiso Sokubambisana Sase-Cornell University
Ukuphathwa Kwezinambuzane Okuhlanganisiwe Kwezitshalo Ezigcina Izitshalo Eziluhlaza
https://cals.cornell.edu/integrated-pest-management

4. Izinqubo Zokudla Okunomsoco, I-EC, kanye Nokuvunda

Isandiso seNyuvesi yaseGeorgia
Ukuphathwa Kokudla Okunomsoco Kwezihlobiso Zendlu Eluhlaza
https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B1318

5. Ukwakheka Kwe-Substrate Nokuthuthukiswa Kwezimpande

Isandiso seNyuvesi yaseNorth Carolina State
Izisekelo kanye Nemithombo Yokukhulisa Yokukhiqiza I-Greenhouse
https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/substrates-and-growing-media-for-greenhouse-production

6. Ukujwayelana Nesiko Lezicubu Nokusebenza Kwe-Liner

UMnyango Wokukhiqiza Nokuvikela Izitshalo we-FAO
Ukusabalala kwezitshalo ezincane ekulimeni kwezentengiselwano
https://www.fao.org/3/i0582e/i0582e.pdf

7. Ukuhweba Kwamahlamvu Emhlabeni Wonke kanye Nesidingo Semakethe

I-Royal FloraHolland
Izibalo Zokuhweba Ngezolimo Zomhlaba Wonke
https://www.floraholland.com/en/knowledge

8. Idatha Yenani Lokukhiqiza lase-US kanye nelamazwe ngamazwe

I-USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS)
Isifinyezo Sezitshalo Zokulima Izimbali
https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/

9. Ukuphathwa Kwezifo Ezitshalweni Zamaqabunga Asezindaweni Ezishisayo

I-American Phytopathological Society (APS)
Indawo Yezihlobiso Zeqabunga Lamagciwane
https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/resources/commonnames/Pages/BacterialLeafSpot.aspx