Amasu okuqonda amasu wesiko lokukhula kwezitshalo zasendlini exotic

Esikhathini esidlule samuva nje, kube nesithakazelo esikhulu ezitshalweni zasendlini ezishisayo njengoba abantu befuna ukwengeza ukuhlukahluka nombala emakhaya abo. Kodwa-ke, ukutshala lezi zitshalo kungaba nzima ikakhulukazi uma kukhulunywa ngokuqinisekisa izinga nekhwalithi. Yilapho-ke amasu okukhulisa izicubu eqala khona ukusebenza. Ukutshala izicubu kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokutshala inani elikhulu lezitshalo ezinempilo ezingenazo izifo, yingakho kusetshenziswa kabanzi ekulimeni nasekuhwebeni.

  Lesi sihloko sizozama ukuchaza ukuthi iyini i-tissue culture, izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-tissue culture, izinyathelo ezibalulekile ze-tissue culture, kanye nezinzuzo ze-tissue culture ikakhulukazi ekukhuleni kwezitshalo zasendlini ezingavamile kanye izitshalo zasezindaweni ezishisayo ezithengiswa ngobuningi .

Kuyini Ukukhula Kwezicubu?

Ukukhuliswa kwezicubu, okubizwa nangokuthi ukusabalala kwezitshalo ezincane, kuyinqubo yokukhuliswa kwezitshalo endaweni elawulwayo. Le ndlela ihilela ukusebenzisa izingxenye ezincane zezicubu zezitshalo ezivame ukutholakala empandeni, emaqabunga noma esiqwini sesitshalo bese zikhuliswa endaweni elawulwayo ukuze kukhiqizwe izitshalo eziphelele.

Inhloso eyinhloko yokukhulisa izicubu ukuthola inani elikhulu lezitshalo ezine-genotype efanayo nazo ezingenazo izifo nezinambuzane. Le ndlela iwusizo kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni izitshalo ezingavamile nezingavamile ukuze kufezwe ukulingana kanye namazinga aphezulu okusinda kwezitshalo.

Intuthuko Yomlando

Umqondo wokukhuliswa kwezicubu waqala ukwethulwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1900 nguGottlieb Haberlandt obizwa nangokuthi uyise wokukhuliswa kwezicubu zezitshalo. Eminyakeni edlule, ucwaningo kulo mkhakha luye lwakhula futhi lukhiqize amasu amaningi kanye nezicelo okwenza ukukhuliswa kwezicubu kube yisici esibalulekile se-biotechnology yezitshalo. Namuhla, akusebenzi nje kuphela ocwaningweni kodwa futhi nasekukhiqizweni kwezitshalo zezentengiselwano, ikakhulukazi ezitshalweni ezingavamile nezingavamile okunzima ukuzisakaza ngezindlela ezivamile.

Izinhlobo Zokukhuliswa Kwezicubu   Amasu

Inqubo yokukhulisa izicubu ihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo eziningana, zonke eziwusizo ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zokukhulisa izitshalo. Ngokwazi lezi zinhlobo, abalimi bazoba sesimweni esingcono sokukhetha indlela efanele kakhulu ngesimo sabo.

Isiko Lembewu

Ukutshala imbewu inqubo yokutshala imbewu endaweni yokukhula engenamagciwane equkethe izakhamzimba nokugcina izinga lokushisa elifanele kanye nezimo zokukhanya. Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziswa ekukhuliseni izithombo ezinempilo nezingenazo izifo. Ukutshala imbewu kusebenza kakhulu ekukhuliseni izitshalo ezinembewu encane enezinga eliphansi lokuhluma noma lezo ezidinga izimo ezinhle ukuze zihlume.

Isiko Lombungu

I-Somatic embryogenesis iyindlela yokutshala ama-embryo ezitshalo okungenzeka ukuthi ahluleke ukukhula ngokwemvelo. Le ndlela iwusizo kakhulu ekusindiseni ama-embryo ezingxubeni ezixubile ezingase zingakhuli ngenye indlela. Lokhu kwenza ukukhuliswa kwama-embryo kube usizo njengoba kwenza kube lula ukukhula kwala ma-embryo abe izitshalo ezinempilo ngendlela elawulwayo.

Isiko LaseCallus

Isiko le-callus inqubo yokukhulisa amaseli ezitshalo angahlukanisiwe, aziwa nangokuthi i-callus, endaweni yezakhamzimba. Lawa maseli angabe esekhuthazwa ukuba ahlukane abe yizitho zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene njengezimpande noma amahlumela lapho kukhona ama-hormone athile. Isiko le-callus lingenye yezindlela ezithandwa kakhulu kubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo ukudala izitshalo ezinezimpawu ezithile.

Isiko Lomzimba

Ukukhuliswa kwezitho zomzimba kubhekisela ekukhuleni kwezitho ezithile zezitshalo, okuhlanganisa izimpande, amahlumela, noma amaqabunga endaweni yokukhulisa izitho. Le ndlela ithandwa kakhulu ekuhlaziyeni ukukhula kwezitho ezithile zezitshalo noma ekusakazeni izitshalo okungezona ezikhuliswa ngezinye izindlela.

Isiko le-Protoplast

Isiko le-Protoplast liyindlela lapho amangqamuzana ezitshalo ehlukaniswa khona ezindongeni zamaseli awo futhi akhuliswe endaweni yezakhamzimba. Le ndlela isetshenziswa kubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo ukudlulisa ulwazi olusha lwezakhi zofuzo kumaseli ezitshalo, kukhiqizwe izitshalo ezinezimpawu ezintsha.

Ezinye Izinhlobo

Ezinye izinhlobo zokukhuliswa kwezicubu zifaka phakathi ukukhuliswa kwe-anther, ukukhuliswa kweqanda, kanye nokukhuliswa kwempova okusetshenziswa ekuzaleni izitshalo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezakhi zofuzo. Lezi zindlela zivame ukusetshenziswa ukudala izitshalo ze-haploid eziwusizo ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo ngokusebenzisa i-hybridization.

Indlela efaneleke kakhulu incike ezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo kanye nezidingo zokukhiqiza. Ekukhiqizweni kwezitshalo zokuhlobisa zezentengiselwano, ukukhuliswa kwezihlahla kanye nokukhuliswa kwe-meristem kuyizindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa.

Izinyathelo Zokukhuliswa Kwezicubu

Inqubo yokukhulisa izicubu inezigaba eziningana, zonke ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo.

Isigaba Sokuqala

Isinyathelo sokuqala ukukhetha nokubulala amagciwane kwezicubu zezitshalo (ama-explant) ukuze zisuswe ekungcoleni. Lesi sinyathelo sibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho magciwane noma isikhunta esikhula ezicutshini ezingangcolisa isiko. Ngemuva kwalokho ama-explant atshalwa endaweni yezakhamzimba ukuze kukhuthazwe futhi kuqalwe ukwanda kwamaseli.

Isigaba Sokuphindaphinda

Esigabeni sokuzalanisa, ama-explant atshalwa endaweni equkethe abalawuli bokukhula abathile ababangela ukwakheka kwamahlumela noma i-callus. Le nqubo yenziwa izikhathi eziningana ukuthola inani lezitshalo ezincane ezivela ku-explant eyodwa.

Ukwakheka Kwezimpande

Ngemva kokuba amahlumela esevele ehlumile, izithombo zithuthelwa endaweni yokukhula enezithombo ezinamahomoni akhuthaza ukwakheka kwezimpande. Ukukhula kwezimpande okuhle kubalulekile ukuze izithombo ziphile lapho zidluliselwa enhlabathini noma kwezinye izindawo ezikhulayo.

Ukwakheka Kwezithombo

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukwakheka kwamahlumela kukhuthazwa ngokulawula amazinga ama-hormone endaweni yokukhulisa izitshalo ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhluma kwezimpande. Ukuvela kwamahlumela kubalulekile ekusindeni kwesitshalo kanye nokukhula okuqhubekayo kwesitshalo.

Ukuqondanisa

Isigaba sokugcina saziwa ngokuthi yi-aclimatization lapho izithombo zivezwa khona ezimweni zemvelo zangaphandle kancane kancane. Lesi sigaba sihilela ukususa izithombo endaweni yokulima engahlanzekile ziye enhlabathini noma kwezinye izindawo ezifanele ngendlela elawulwayo, isibonelo endlini yokushisa. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izithombo zivezwa kancane kancane ezimweni ezintsha ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhula kwazo nokusinda kwazo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kobuchwepheshe Bokukhuliswa Kwezicubu

Indlela yokukhulisa izicubu ingasetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi okuhlanganisa nokutshala izitshalo zokuhlobisa kanye nasebhizinisini njengasekukhuleni kwezicubu ezithengiswayo zezitshalo zasezindaweni ezishisayo.

Ukulondolozwa Kwezinhlobo Ezisengozini Yokushabalala

Ukukhuliswa kwezicubu kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuvikela izinhlobo zezitshalo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa. Ezinye zalezi zinhlobo zisongelwa ukubhujiswa kwendawo yokuhlala, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu noma ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile. Ngosizo lokukhuliswa kwezicubu, ososayensi kanye nabalondolozi bemvelo bangandisa ngokushesha izitshalo ezisongelwa, bagcine izakhi zazo zofuzo bese bezidedela endle noma bazitshale ezingadini zezitshalo. Le ndlela isiza ekugcineni ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlobo zezitshalo aziqedwa.

Ukudala Izitshalo Ezingavamile

Ukukhuliswa kwezicubu kungenye yezindlela zobuchwepheshe ezithakazelisa kakhulu emhlabeni wanamuhla futhi kuye kwasetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izitshalo ezingavamile. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo, ezingenakusatshalaliswa kusetshenziswa amasu avamile ngenxa yokukhula kancane, ukuhluma okuncane kwembewu noma izimo ezithile zemvelo. Ukukhuliswa kwezicubu kusiza ekunqobeni lezi zinkinga ngokunikeza izimo ezilawulwayo zokusabalalisa izitshalo ezinjalo ngesikhathi esifushane.

Ukuguqulwa Kwezakhi Zofuzo Nokuzalana

Ukukhuliswa kwezicubu kuvame ukusetshenziswa kubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo kanye namasu okuzalanisa izitshalo. Amaseli noma izicubu zezitshalo zingasetshenziswa ukuze kufakwe izakhi zofuzo ezintsha ezivumela ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ezinezici ezidingekayo njengokumelana nezinambuzane, izifo, kanye nezimo zemvelo ezimbi. Le ndlela iphinde ivumele ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo ngokuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ukuze kutholakale izitshalo ezithela kangcono.

Ukukhiqizwa Kwezitshalo Zokuhlobisa Kwezentengiselwano

Imboni yezolimo isebenzisa kakhulu isiko lezicubu ukukhiqiza izinhlobo zezitshalo ezifunwa kakhulu kwezentengiselwano. Isiko lezicubu lenza kube nokwenzeka ukutshala izimbali, izihlahla, nezitshalo zangaphakathi ezinombala ofanayo, usayizi kanye nesimo ngakho-ke zihlangabezana nezidingo zobuhle zabathengi. Le ndlela isetshenziswa nasekukhiqizweni kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo zokuhlobisa ezihlangabezana nezidingo zemakethe kanye nokuhlinzeka ngokuhlinzekwa okuqhubekayo kwezitshalo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezindaweni zokukhulisa izitshalo kanye nezikhungo zengadi.

Izinzuzo kanye nokubaluleka kokukhula kwezicubu

Ukukhuliswa kwezicubu kuyithuluzi eliwusizo kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwezitshalo nasocwaningweni lwanamuhla. Ake sixoxe ngezinye zezinzuzo zako eziningana.

Ukufana:

Ukukhuliswa kwezicubu kubangela ukufana kwezakhi zofuzo ekukhuleni kwazo, ekubukekeni nasekuvuneni kwazo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ikakhulukazi kubalimi bezentengiselwano abadinga umkhiqizo ojwayelekile wemikhiqizo yabo.

Izitshalo Ezingenazifo:

Ukukhuliswa kwezicubu kusiza ekukhuleni kwezitshalo endaweni engenazo izifo, yingakho izitshalo ezikhuliswa ngokukhuliswa kwezicubu ziphilile futhi zinamathuba aphezulu okusinda.

Ukwanda Okusheshayo:

Ukukhuliswa kwezicubu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlanganisa izitshalo ngokushesha, ngaleyo ndlela kusiza abalimi ukuthi bakhiqize izitshalo eziningi ngesikhathi esifushane. Lokhu kusiza kakhulu ekuzaleni izinhlobo ezisengozini noma ezibhekwa njengezisengozini yomhlaba wonke.

Ukukhiqizwa Konyaka Wonke:

Ngokungafani nezinye izindlela zendabuko zokusabalalisa, ukukhuliswa kwezicubu akuxhomekile ezinkathini zonyaka, okusho ukuthi izitshalo zingakhiqizwa unyaka wonke.

Isiphetho

Ukukhuliswa kwezicubu kuyindlela ebalulekile eshintshe kakhulu ukwanda nokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo. Ngenxa yamandla ayo okukhiqiza inani elikhulu lezitshalo ezisezingeni eliphezulu nezingenazo izifo, iyithuluzi elibalulekile kubalimi ikakhulukazi labo abakhiqiza izitshalo zasendlini ezingavamile kanye nezitshalo zasezindaweni ezishisayo ezikhiqiza izicubu eziningi .

Ku- Izitshalo Ezintsha zaseFoshan , ngezikhungo zethu zokukhulisa izicubu ezisezingeni eliphezulu, siyaziqhenya ngokuba phambili ekwethuleni izinhlobo zezitshalo ezintsha nezithuthukisiwe emakethe. Ngokusebenzisa ukukhuliswa kwezicubu, abalimi bangakhiqiza izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingavamile emakethe yendawo kanye nezimakethe zokuthumela kwamanye amazwe.

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