I-Science Behind Plug Plants: Iveza Inqubo Yokukhula

Isingeniso:

Izitshalo ziyimvelo emangalisayo, zinekhono lokuguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube amandla futhi zikhiqize umoya-mpilo ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-photosynthesis. Nakuba sivame ukuncoma izimbali nezitshalo enkazimulweni yazo ekhule ngokugcwele, kuyathakazelisa ngokufanayo ukuqonda inqubo yokukhula kusukela ekuqaleni. Izitshalo zokuxhuma, ezaziwa nangokuthi izithombo noma ukufakelwa kabusha, zinikeza ithuba eliyingqayizivele lokungena kwisayensi eyinkimbinkimbi yokukhula kwezitshalo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola inqubo yokukhula kwezitshalo ze-plug, sembula isayensi ethakazelisayo ngemuva kokuthuthukiswa kwazo.

Ukubaluleka Kwezimila Zokuxhuma

Izitshalo zamapulagi zidlala indima ebalulekile kwezokutshala, zihlinzeka ngendlela ephumelelayo nethembekile yokusabalalisa izitshalo eziningi. Ngokungafani nokuqala embewini, okudinga isikhathi esengeziwe nokunakekelwa, izitshalo zepulaki zinikeza lula ngokuvumela abalimi ukuba beqe isigaba sokuhluma. Uma kukhulunywa nge-horticulture yokuhweba, izitshalo zepulaki zibaluleke kakhulu njengoba zonga isikhathi futhi ziqinisekisa izinga eliphezulu lempumelelo ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalimi basekhaya, izitshalo zepulaki zinikeza isiqalo, okuvumela isikhathi eside sokukhula nezitshalo ezinhle, ezinempilo.

Izitshalo zokuxhuma zivela ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene - ezinye zikhuliswa kusuka kumbewu, kanti ezinye zisakazwa ngokusikwa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyini imvelaphi yazo, inqubo yokukhula kwezitshalo zamapulaki ilandela izigaba ezithile ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwazo. Ake singene sijule kwisayensi engemuva kwesigaba ngasinye ukuze sithole ukuqonda okujulile.

Isigaba 1: Ukuhluma Kwembewu

Ukuhluma kwembewu yisigaba sokuqala nesibalulekile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo zamapulaki. Kuphakathi nalesi sigaba lapho imbewu ishintsha khona ibe isitshalo, kube lula inhlanganisela efanele yomswakama, izinga lokushisa nokukhanya. Lapho imbewu inikezwa izimo ezikahle, imunca amanzi, isebenze ama-enzyme avumela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali e-biochemical. Ngenxa yalokho, ijazi lembewu liyaphuka, futhi i-radicle, impande yombungu, iyavela.

Ukuhluma kuthonywa izici eziningana. Umswakama ubalulekile njengoba uthambisa ijazi lembewu, uvumele amanzi ukuthi angene futhi aqalise ukukhula. Izinga lokushisa nalo lidlala indima ebalulekile, njengoba izinhlobo ezahlukene zinezidingo ezithile zokubangela ukuhluma. Izidingo zokukhanya ziyahlukahluka phakathi kwezitshalo, kodwa ezimweni eziningi, ukukhanya okubonisa ukuthi imbewu ihlume.

Isigaba 2: Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezithombo

Uma imbewu isimile, ingena esigabeni sezithombo, lapho ithuthukisa khona izakhiwo zayo eziyinhloko. Kuleli qophelo, isitshalo esincane sithambile kakhulu futhi sisengozini yokucindezeleka okuhlukahlukene. Ukunakekelwa okufanele kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwezimo ezifanele kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphila kwayo nokukhula okunempilo.

Ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezithombo, impande eyinhloko iyaqhubeka ikhula futhi ibe umsuka omaphakathi. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ama-cotyledon, noma amaqabunga embewu, aqala ukunwebeka futhi avuleke. Lawa mahlamvu okuqala anesibopho sokumunca ukukhanya kwelanga futhi aqalise inqubo ye-photosynthesis. Njengoba isithombo sikhula, iqoqo lokuqala lamaqabunga eqiniso liyavela, ngokuvamile libe ngamapheya, lithathe indawo yama-cotyledon.

Isigaba 3: Ukukhula Kwezimpande kanye Nokusungulwa

Ukukhula kwezimpande kuyisici esibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwesitshalo sepulaki, njengoba kunikeza ukuzinza, ukumuncwa kwezakhi kanye nokumuncwa kwamanzi. Izimpande azigcini nje ngokugxilisa isitshalo emhlabathini kodwa futhi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuhwebeni kwamagesi nasekutholeni izakhi. Njengoba amahlumela ekhula ngaphezu komhlaba, izimpande zikhula ngaphansi, zandise inethiwekhi yazo zifuna izinsiza.

Ukukhula kanye nokusungulwa kohlelo lwezimpande kuncike kakhulu ezintweni ezithinta imvelo. Umswakama owanele wenhlabathi ubalulekile ekukhuleni kwezimpande, njengoba kusiza ukumuncwa kwezakhi. Ukwengeza, ukuba khona kwezinto eziphilayo ezivumelanayo, njengesikhunta se-mycorrhizal, kuthuthukisa ukukhula kwezimpande ngokuthuthukisa ukumuncwa kwezakhi. Ukuhlinzeka ngezimo ezifanele kanye nokugcina uhlelo lwezimpande olunempilo yizici ezibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni impumelelo kanye namandla epulaki.

Isigaba 4: Ukukhula Kwemifino

Ngemuva kokufinyelela uhlelo oluqinile lwezimpande, isitshalo sepulaki singena esigabeni sokukhula kwemifino. Ngalesi sigaba, lesi sitshalo sikhula ngokushesha amahlamvu awo kanye nesakhiwo samagatsha, sihlose ukwandisa ukuchayeka kwaso elangeni. Ukukhula kweqabunga kuyinqubo eqhubekayo, enamaqabunga amasha avela ku-apical meristem etholakala phezulu kwehlumela.

Izinga lokukhula phakathi nalesi sigaba lithonywa izici ezihlukahlukene. Ukukhanya kwelanga okwanele kubalulekile ku-photosynthesis, ebhebhezela ukukhula kwamaqabunga neziqu. Ukutholakala komsoco nakho kunendima enkulu, njengoba isitshalo sidinga izakhi ezibalulekile, njenge-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, ne-potassium, ukuze sisekele ukukhula kwaso. Amanzi abaluleke ngokufanayo, njengoba enza kube lula ukuthuthwa kwezakhi futhi agcine ukushuba ngaphakathi kwezicubu zezitshalo. Ibhalansi kulezi zici zemvelo iqinisekisa ukukhula kwezitshalo okunempilo ezitshalweni zamapulaki.

Isigaba 5: Ukuqhakaza Nokuzala

Isigaba sokugcina senqubo yokukhula kwezitshalo zepulaki ukuthuthukiswa kwezimbali nokuzalana okulandelayo. Ukuqhakaza kwezimbali kuyisenzakalo esiphawulekayo esibonisa ukulungela kwesitshalo ukuzala futhi sikhiqize inzalo. Kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi elawulwa izici zofuzo nezemvelo, okuhlanganisa isikhathi sesithombe, izinga lokushisa, nokubonisa amahomoni.

Uma isikhathi kanye nezimo zemvelo zivuma, i-apical meristem iyashintsha isuka ekukhuleni kwezitshalo iye ekuqalisweni kwezimbali. Ukwakheka kwezitho zezimbali, okuhlanganisa amacembe, ama-sepals, ama-stamens, nama-pistils, kuyalandela. Lezi zakhiwo zifeza izindima ezibalulekile ekutheleleni impova nasekuvundiseni, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwembewu noma izithelo. Kwezinye izimo, izitshalo zokuxhuma zingase zidinge ukwelashwa okuqondile, okufana nokukhiqizwa kwe-vernalization noma ukuchayeka ezimeni ezithile zokukhanya, ukuze zivuse izimbali.

Isiphetho:

Ukuqonda isayensi ekukhuleni kwezitshalo zepulaki kusivumela ukuba sazise ubunkimbinkimbi nokunemba kwezinqubo zemvelo. Kusukela ekuhlumeni kwembewu kuya ekuqhakazeni nasekukhiqizeni, isigaba ngasinye silawulwa ukulingana okubucayi kwezici zemvelo kanye nezinhlelo zofuzo. Ngokusebenzisa lolu lwazi, abalimi kanye nabalimi bezitshalo bangaqinisekisa ukusabalala okuphumelelayo nokukhula kwezitshalo zamapulaki, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zihloselwe izingadi zethu zasemuva noma izindlu zokugcina izithombo ezithengiswayo. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi esilandelayo lapho ubuka isitshalo esihle sepulaki, thatha isikhashana umangale ngezimangaliso zesayensi ezinomthelela ekukhuleni nasekuqhakazeni kwaso.