Izitshalo Zamasiko Ezicubu Nokulondolozwa Kwezinto Ezihlukahlukene: Ukubuyisela Izitshalo Zomdabu

Isingeniso

Ukulondolozwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuyindaba ecindezelayo emhlabeni wethu oshintsha ngokushesha. Njengoba imisebenzi yabantu iqhubeka nokucekela phansi izindawo zemvelo futhi isongela ukuphila kwezinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo, kufanele kuthathwe izindlela ezintsha zokubuyisela nokulondoloza izitshalo zethu zomdabu. Izitshalo zokukhuliswa kwezicubu zezicubu ziye zavela njengethuluzi elinamandla kulo mzamo, zinikeza amandla okukhiqiza ngobuningi izitshalo ezingavamile nezisengozini, futhi ekugcineni zibe negalelo ekubuyiselweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngokusebenzisa amandla esiko lezicubu, ososayensi, abalondolozi bemvelo, kanye nabalimi bezitshalo bangasebenzisana ukuze bavikele ifa lethu lemvelo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umhlaba othakazelisayo wezitshalo zamasiko ezicubu kanye nendima ebalulekile eziyidlalayo ekongiweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Isayensi Engemuva KweSiko Lezicubu

Isiko lezicubu, elaziwa nangokuthi yi-micropropagation, indlela esekwe elabhorethri ebandakanya ukukhula kwamaseli ezitshalo, izicubu, noma izitho endaweni yokwenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo. Lokhu kuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo eziningi ezifanayo ngokwemvelo, ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-clones, ngesikhathi esifushane uma kuqhathaniswa. Inqubo iqala ngokukhethwa kwezitshalo ezifanele, ngokuvamile ezihlanganisa izingcezu ezincane zezicubu zesitshalo njengeziqu, amaqabunga, noma ama-meristems. Lezi zicubu zifakwa inzalo ngokucophelela ukuze zisuse noma yikuphi ukungcola ngaphambi kokuba zibekwe endaweni enomsoco ehlanganiswe nama-hormone okukhula. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo ezilawulwayo, amangqamuzana avela ku-explants ayaphindaphindeka futhi ahlukanise, akhe amahlumela amasha, izimpande, futhi ekugcineni aqedele izitshalo. Uma izitshalo zokukhula kwezicubu sezifinyelele esigabeni esifanele sokukhula, zingadluliselwa emhlabathini futhi ekugcineni zibuyiselwe ezindaweni zazo zemvelo.

Iqhaza LeSiko Lezicubu Ekongiweni Kwezinto Ezinhlobonhlobo

Izitshalo ezithuthukisa izicubu zezicubu ziguqule umkhakha wokongiwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, zinikeza izixazululo eziyingqayizivele zokubhekana nezinselele okubhekana nazo ekulondolozeni izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingandile nezisengozini. Ngokusebenzisa amandla amakhulu esiko lezicubu, ososayensi bangasakaza izitshalo okunzima ukuzisakaza ngezindlela ezivamile, njengalezo ezingenawo imbewu elinganiselwe noma lezo ezikhula kancane. Ukwengeza, isiko lezicubu livumela ukuphindaphindeka okusheshayo kwezitshalo, kuqinisekiswe inani elanele labantu ngemizamo yokubuyisela ngaphandle kokufaka engozini ukusinda kwabantu basendle. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu lapho usebenza nezitshalo ezibhekene nokushabalala okuseduze ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwendawo noma ezinye izici ze-anthropogenic.

I-Ex Situ Conservation: Ukudala Imitapo Yolwazi Yezitshalo Eziphilayo

Ukongiwa kwe-Ex situ, noma ukongiwa ngaphandle kwendawo, kuhilela ukulondolozwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ngaphandle kwezindawo zazo zemvelo. Amasiko ezicubu adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kule ngxenye yokongiwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngokwakha imitapo yolwazi yezitshalo eziphilayo. Lemitapo yolwazi, eyaziwa nangokuthi amabhange ezakhi zofuzo, igcina iqoqo lezitshalo zesiko lezicubu ezimele inhlobonhlobo yezinhlobo zezilwane, i-genotype, kanye nokuhlukahluka kofuzo. Ngokugcina lezi zitshalo ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo, amabhange ezakhi zofuzo asebenza njengezizinda zemizamo yokuphinde amiswe esikhathini esizayo, aqinisekise ukutholakala kwezakhi zofuzo zocwaningo, ukubuyiselwa, kanye nokubuyiselwa okungenzeka kabusha endle.

Izinzuzo zokongiwa kwe-ex situ usebenzisa isiko lezicubu ziningi. Okokuqala, isiko lezicubu livumela ukugcinwa isikhathi eside kwezinto zezitshalo, kugwenywe izinselele ezihambisana nokugcinwa kwembewu, njengokukhula kwembewu emfushane noma ukungabi khona kwembewu ephilayo ezinhlotsheni ezithile. Okwesibili, usayizi omncane wezitshalo zokukhiqiza izicubu zivumela ukugcinwa kwazo ngendlela efanele, nezinkulungwane zezitshalo ezithatha indawo encane elabhorethri. Lesi sitoreji esihlangene sinenzuzo ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ezingavamile nezisengozini ezidinga ukunakekelwa nokunakwa okukhethekile. Okokugcina, imitapo yolwazi yesiko lezicubu ihlinzeka abacwaningi ngensiza ebalulekile yokufunda isayensi yezinto eziphilayo zezitshalo, izakhi zofuzo, nezinqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okunikela ekuqondeni okujulile komhlaba wethu wemvelo.

I-In Situ Conservation: Ukubuyisela Izimbali Zomdabu

Nakuba ukongiwa kwe-ex situ kubalulekile, ukongiwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo okuphumelelayo ngempela kufanele kuhlanganise nemizamo yokongiwa kwendawo - ukulondolozwa nokubuyiselwa kwezitshalo ezindaweni zazo zemvelo. Izitshalo ze-tissue culture zinamandla okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukongiwa kwendawo ngokuhlinzeka ngomthombo osimeme wabantu ngezinhlelo zokubuyisela kabusha. Ngokusebenzisa isiko lezicubu, abantu abambalwa bangaphindaphindeka babe izinkulungwane, kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala kwezitshalo okuqinile kumaphrojekthi okubuyisela indawo yokuhlala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiko lezicubu livumela ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ezinezici ezifiselekayo, njengalezo ezivumelaniswe kangcono nezimo zemvelo ezishintshayo, ezithuthukisa amathuba azo okusinda endle.

Impumelelo yokongiwa kwe-in situ usebenzisa i-tissue culture iboniswa yizinhlelo ezimbalwa emhlabeni jikelele. Isibonelo, eziQhingini zaseHawaii, izitshalo ze-tissue culture ziye zaba nesandla ekubuyiseleni izitshalo zomdabu zezindawo zokuhlala ezonakele, eziye zahlushwa ukuhlaselwa kwezinhlobo ezingezona ezomdabu. Ngokutshala izitshalo ezihlukene ngezakhi zofuzo elabhorethri, izazi zokulondolozwa kwemvelo ziye zakwazi ukubuyisela laba bantu endle, baqala ukululama nokumiswa kabusha kwesimiso semvelo sendawo. Ngokufanayo, kuye kwasetshenziswa amasu okwenziwa kwezicubu ekubuyiselweni kwenani elinciphile lama-orchid, ama-fern, nezinye izitshalo eziyivelakancane, okuqinisekisa ukuphikelela kwazo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Izinselelo Nemikhawulo

Nakuba isiko lezicubu linesithembiso esikhulu emkhakheni wokongiwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, alinazo izinselele kanye nemikhawulo. Esinye sezithiyo ezinkulu ukulahlekelwa okungaba khona kokuhlukahluka kofuzo ngenxa yemvelo yama-clonal yezitshalo zesiko lezicubu. Njengoba ama-clones afana ngofuzo, awanakho ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo okubalulekile ukuze izinhlobo zezilwane ziphile isikhathi eside futhi zivumelane nezimo ezishintshayo zemvelo. Ukuze kuncishiswe lokhu, abacwaningi kufanele basebenzise amasu okugcina nokukhulisa ukwehlukahlukana kwezakhi zofuzo, njengokusebenzisa abantu abaningi njengomthombo wempahla yesiko lezicubu noma ukwethula ngezikhathi ezithile izinto ezintsha zofuzo ezivela kubantu basendle ziye emitatsheni yolwazi yesiko lezicubu.

Omunye umkhawulo izindleko nobungcweti bezobuchwepheshe obudingekayo ekumiseni nasekugcineni amalabhorethri amasiko ezicubu. Lezi zikhungo zidinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kwingqalasizinda, amathuluzi, kanye nabasebenzi abanamakhono, okwenza zingafinyeleleki ezinhlanganweni eziningi zokongiwa kwemvelo, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka. Ukuze unqobe lo mkhawulo, imizamo yokubambisana, ukwabelana ngolwazi, kanye nezinhlelo zokwakha amandla kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwamukelwa okusabalele kwesiko lezicubu njengethuluzi lokulondoloza.

Isiphetho

Izitshalo zokukhuliswa kwezicubu zinikeza izindlela ezinamandla zokubuyisela izitshalo zendabuko kanye nokulondoloza izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo lapho zibhekene nezinsongo ezikhulayo. Bahlinzeka ngomthombo onokwethenjelwa wezitshalo ezifanayo ngokofuzo ezingase zisetshenziselwe ukongiwa kwe-ex situ kumabhange ezakhi zofuzo, ukwenza ucwaningo kube lula, nezinhlelo zokubuyisela kabusha esikhathini esizayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiko lezicubu livumela ukukhula ngokushesha kwezitshalo emizamweni yokongiwa kwe-situ, lisize ekubuyiselweni kwezindawo zokuhlala ezonakele kanye nokubuyiselwa kwezilwane ezisengozini. Nakuba izinselele kanye nemikhawulo zikhona, amandla esiko lezicubu ekongiweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo awanakubukelwa phansi. Ngokusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe kanye nokubuhlanganisa nezindlela zokongiwa kwemvelo okuphelele, singalwela ukulondoloza nokubuyisela amagugu ethu emvelo ayigugu. Ngokwenza kanjalo, sithatha isinyathelo esiphusile ekuqinisekiseni ikusasa elisimeme lezizukulwane ezizayo.