Izitshalo Zezicucu KwezoLimo: Ukuthuthukisa Ikhwalithi Nenani Lezitshalo

Isingeniso

Emkhakheni wezolimo, ukukhulisa ikhwalithi yezitshalo kanye nenani kuyinto eqhubekayo. Abalimi nabacwaningi bahlale behlola amasu amasha ukuze bathole isivuno esiphezulu futhi bathuthukise ikhwalithi isiyonke yezitshalo. Enye yezindlela ezinjalo eziye yathola ukunakwa okuphawulekayo eminyakeni yamuva nje isiko lezicubu, noma ukusakazwa kwe-in vitro, kwezitshalo. I-tissue culture inikeza izinzuzo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nekhono lokukhiqiza izitshalo ezingenazo izifo kanye nezakhi zofuzo ngesilinganiso esikhulu. Lesi sihloko sizongena emhlabeni wezitshalo zesiko lezicubu kwezolimo, sihlole izindlela zalo, izinzuzo, ukusetshenziswa, namathemba esikhathi esizayo.

Izisekelo ZeSiko Lwezicubu

Usiko lwezicubu lubandakanya ukusakazeka nokunakekelwa kwezitshalo ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwa yi-aseptic, ngokuvamile endaweni yaselabhorethri. Kuqala ngokukhetha ngokucophelela izicubu zesitshalo ezifanele, njengesiqephu sesiqu, iqabunga, noma i-meristem, esibe sesivalwa amagciwane ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqedwa kwanoma yikuphi ukungcola. Isicubu esifakwe inzalo sibe sesifakwa endaweni yokwenziwa ecebile enomsoco equkethe inhlanganisela enembile yama-macronutrients, ama-micronutrients, amavithamini, amahomoni ezitshalo, noshukela. Lezi zingxenye zakhiwe ngokucophelela ukuze zinikeze indawo ekahle ukuze izicubu zikhule futhi zithuthuke zibe isitshalo esiphelele.

Inqubo Ye-Tissue Culture

Inqubo yesiko lezicubu ihlanganisa izigaba eziningana, kuqala ngokusungulwa kwesiko le-aseptic. Izicubu zesitshalo ezikhethiwe ziqale zigezwe futhi zifakwe amagciwane kusetshenziswa i-bleach noma ezinye izibulala-magciwane ukuze kukhishwe noma yikuphi ukungcola okungaphezulu. Isicubu esifakwe inzalo sibe sesidluliselwa endaweni eyinyumba, njenge-laminar flow hood noma igumbi lempucuko, lapho sihlakazwa khona ngokucophelela ukuze sihlukanise isitjalo esifunwayo. Ukufakelwa bese kubekwa endaweni eyinyumba yesiko, imvamisa kushubhu lokuhlola noma esitsheni se-petri, futhi kuvalwe ngolwelwesi olukwazi ukungena ngaphakathi noma ngesivalo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi isitshalo esikhulayo sithola ukutholakala okwanele kwemisoco namagesi kuyilapho sigcina indawo engenalutho.

Uma isimila sesibekwe endaweni yokusingisa, siba nenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi "ukuqala." Phakathi nalesi sigaba, izicubu zesitshalo zivumelana nendawo yokwenziwa futhi ziqala ukwanda. Ezimweni eziningi, izicubu ezikhulisiwe zakha i-callus, inqwaba yamaseli angahlukanisiwe, esebenza njengendawo yokuqala yokuvuselelwa kwesitshalo. I-callus ibe isidluliselwa endaweni ehlukile yesiko equkethe izinhlanganisela ezithile zokulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo, njengama-auxins nama-cytokinins. Lawa ma-hormone alawula ukukhula nokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, okuholela ekukhiqizeni izimpande, amahlumela, futhi ekugcineni, ama-plantlets aphelele.

Izinzuzo zezitshalo ze-Tissue Culture

Izitshalo zokukhiqiza izicubu zinikeza izinzuzo eziningi ezingaguqula imboni yezolimo. Enye yezinzuzo ezibalulekile ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ezingenazo izifo. Ngokukhetha ngokucophelela izicubu zezitshalo ezinempilo nokuzivala inzalo, isiko lezicubu lisusa ubungozi bokutheleleka nge-pathogenic. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezitshalweni ezingenwa izifo, njengoba kuqinisekisa ukuphindaphindeka kwezitshalo ezihlanzekile, ezingenazo izifo ezingase zibe nomthelela empilweni yezitshalo kanye nesivuno.

Enye inzuzo ebalulekile yesiko lezicubu ikhono lokukhiqiza izitshalo ezifanayo ngokofuzo, ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-clone. I-Cloning ivumela abalimi nabacwaningi ukuthi baphindaphinde izinhlobo zezitshalo eziphakeme ngezici ezifiselekayo, njengokukhula kwesivuno, ukumelana nezinambuzane nezifo, noma okuqukethwe okunomsoco okuthuthukisiwe. Iphinde ivumele ukulondolozwa nokugcinwa kwezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingavamile nezisengozini, njengoba isiko lezicubu linikeza indawo elawulwayo yokusakazeka kwazo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiko lezicubu linikeza amandla amangalisayo wokuphindaphindeka ngokushesha kwezitshalo. Nakuba izindlela zendabuko zokusakaza, njengokuhluma kwembewu noma ukusakazeka kwezitshalo, zingadla isikhathi futhi zibangele izinombolo ezilinganiselwe zezitshalo, isiko lezicubu livumela ukukhiqizwa okusheshayo kwezitshalo eziningi phakathi nesikhathi esifushane uma kuqhathaniswa. Lokhu kungaba wusizo ikakhulukazi ekusungulweni kwamasimu, imizamo yokutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi, nokwanda ngokushesha kwezilimo ngenxa yesidingo esikhulu.

Izicelo of Tissue Culture in Agriculture

Amasiko ezicubu athola ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwezolimo, asukela emikhakheni ehlukahlukene kanye nezinhlobo zezitshalo. Indawo eyodwa evelele yokufakwa kwesicelo isekukhiqizweni kwezitshalo zokuhlobisa. Isiko lezicubu livumela ukuphindaphindeka okusebenzayo kwezimbali ezinhle nezingavamile, okuvumela izikhungo zengadi, abacwali bezimbali, nabadwebi bendawo ukuhlangabezana nesidingo esikhula njalo sezitshalo zokuhlobisa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiko lezicubu lisebenza njengethuluzi elibalulekile lezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa izitshalo. Abacwaningi bangakwazi ukuxhaphaza izici zofuzo zezitshalo ngokusebenzisa amasu amasiko ezicubu ukuthuthukisa izici ezifiselekayo. Lokhu kuholele ekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo ngokukhula kokubekezelela ukucindezelwa kwemvelo, ukuthuthukiswa kokuqukethwe okunomsoco, kanye nesivuno esithuthukisiwe. Ukukhiqizwa kwezicubu kudlale indima enkulu ekuguquleni ukukhiqizwa kwezilimo ezibalulekile kwezolimo, njengommbila, ukolweni, ilayisi namazambane.

Amathemba Esikhathi Esizayo Wezitshalo Zamasiko Ezicubu

Ikusasa lesiko lezicubu kwezolimo libukeka lithembisa, ngentuthuko eqhubekayo kanye nocwaningo. Abacwaningi balokhu belwela ukwenza ngokugcwele izinqubo zokuziphatha kwezicubu, zizenze zingabizi kakhulu futhi zifinyeleleke kubalimi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamalabhorethri amasiko ezicubu ezithengekayo kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwabalimi ngamasu okwenziwa kwezicubu kunamandla amakhulu okwamukelwa kabanzi kwalobu buchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezisathuthuka.

Ukwengeza, liyakhula isithakazelo ekusetshenzisweni kwesiko lezicubu ukuze kulondolozwe izinhlobo zezitshalo ezisengozini yokushabalala. Ikhono lokusabalalisa izitshalo ezingavamile nezisengozini ngokusebenzisa isiko lezicubu linikeza ithemba lokulondolozwa futhi ekugcineni zibuyiselwe ezindaweni zazo zemvelo, kube nesandla emizamweni yokongiwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Isiphetho

Izitshalo zokukhiqiza izicubu sezivele njengethuluzi elinamandla emkhakheni wezolimo, ezinikeza amandla amakhulu okuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yezitshalo kanye nenani. Ikhono lokukhiqiza izitshalo ezingenazifo nezifana ngofuzo, kuhlanganiswe namandla okuphindaphinda ngokushesha, kwenza isiko lezicubu zibe yisu elihehayo kubalimi nakubacwaningi ngokufanayo. Ngokusetshenziswa kwayo okuhlukahlukene kanye nentuthuko eqhubekayo, isiko lezicubu selilungele ukubumba ikusasa lezolimo, ukuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kokudla okusimeme kanye nokongiwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo. Ukwamukela ubuchwepheshe bamasiko ezicubu kungamemezela inkathi entsha yezinqubo zezolimo, ukuhlakulela umhlaba oluhlaza futhi okhiqiza kakhulu.